Yassini, N.; Goljat, E.; Panetti, C.; Rath, M.; Joller, N.

Memory T cells, a sizable compartment of the mature immune system, enable enhanced responses upon re-infection with the same pathogen. We have recently shown that virus-experienced innate acting T (TIA) cells can modulate infectious or autoimmune diseases through TCR-independent IFN-{gamma} production. However, how these cells arise remains unclear. Here, we show that CD4 TIA cells are present in various disease settings hinting towards a disease-agnostic nature. TCR stimulation and CD28 co-stimulation are sufficient to induce naive murine and human CD4 T cells to become capable of cytokine-mediated, TCR-independent IFN-{gamma} responses. In true TIA fashion, adoptive transfer of in vitro-induced TIA cells in mice yielded a TCR-independent IFN-{gamma} response during the innate phase of a Legionella pneumophila infection. Our data thus shows that CD4 TIA cells are more ubiquitous than anticipated and could therefore be involved in more settings than expected.